The government needs power to establish order and security, but human's main worry is freedom which is compatible with their nature and opposites with power. Accordingly, the authority of government is acceptable as long as it is essential to establish order and security and it does not contradict the human rights and freedom, so supervision is sorely needed to be done within the framework of law and efficient supervisory organizations have to be established to do these crucial affairs.In separated power regime, executive power is originator and creator of affair's accomplishment which is expected as a devout faithful based on the law, initiate the establishment of public order, freedom guarantee and safeguarding of security and social justice.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

One of the most important fundamental issues in the policy sphere is the discussion of the organization of the state and the regulation of the internal power relations of the state, in which the type of political system as well as the principle of separation of powers is very influential. Because according to the type of political system and the acceptance of one type of separation of powers, different ways of regulating the ruling powers such as the presidential, parliamentary and semi-presidential-semi-parliamentary system are raised, in which each country, the political system And they have designed a specific structure. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the system of the Ummah and Imamate as a general framework for the realization of divine sovereignty and religious democracy and the level of regulation of the relations of power, the semi-presidential semi-parliamentary system has been determined. The main theme of this research is the analysis and political assessment of the change in the way the power relations are regulated within the framework of the Ummah Imamate system and the evaluation of the resulting effects. This paper uses the descriptive-analytical method to find the answer to the question of how the change in power relations, especially the executive branch, is evaluated and what works on it? The main findings of this research are that in changing the form of executive power assuming that there are no restrictions on the religious foundations except the necessity of maintaining the system of the Ummah and Imamate, there are, from a political point of view, in the Islamic Republic of Iran, The possibility of changing the form of the executive branch, especially the removal of the post of presidency, faces fundamental constraints, as the main symbol of the republican system is the president.

In this paper, a new method for extending and relaxing the noise-coupling (NC) technique is proposed to enhance the noise-shaping order without adding the number of integrators. The noise-shaping order of the introduced ∑∆ modulator whit applying a second-order noise-coupling technique is enhanced and its performance with optimizing the noise transfer function (NTF) zeros is improved. Also, by removing the analog adder at feedforward path and transferring it to a new feedback branch before the last integrator and adding second-order NC path can be decreased the input voltage swing to the quantizer. Thus, by improving the modulator resolution, power consumption can be reduced. Mathematical analyses and behavioural simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new NC method. To examine its performance, a 2nd-order single loop ΣΔ modulator was designed. The new noise-coupling method is used to achieve the three-order noise shaping to increase the resolution with low complexity and low-power. The results show an outstanding improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) compared to the conventional structure.

Field and Aims: Transparency in governance is recognized as a key instrument for safeguarding public rights and strengthening public participation in state affairs. However, lack of transparency in the activities and decision-making of key governance actors weakens public engagement and democratic principles. In recent years, the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Parliament) has taken steps toward addressing this issue by proposing and passing initiatives aimed at enhancing transparency in the functioning of governance institutions, including the plan titled “Transparency of the Three Branches of Power, Executive Bodies, and Other Institutions.”Method: This article has been prepared using a descriptive – analytical approach.Findings and Conclusions: Transparency in crime-inducing situations: Disclosure of information about programs, qualifications, approved projects, assets, revenues, expenditures, and investment opportunities reduces opportunities for crime. Publication of information related to large and medium-sized contracts, tariffs, and administrative procedures enables public oversight and decreases the likelihood of abuse. Transparency in managers’ and employees’ income: Article 2 of the Transparency Law obliges institutions and bodies to publish information regarding the education, background, and income of managers and employees. This requirement sends a clear message of potential accountability and warns potential offenders that extensive monitoring and control mechanisms are in place. The study demonstrates that transparency, as a situational crime prevention tool, plays a crucial role in reducing opportunities for crime and enhancing public trust. Mandatory disclosure of information—particularly regarding administrative and financial processes and income—creates deterrence, diminishes crime-inducing situations, and strengthens the rule of law. The approval of the “Transparency of the Three Branches of Power” plan represents a significant step toward achieving these objectives.

According to customary international law, foreign states are immune to judicial prosecution in domestic courts of other countries. Such immunity was first exercised in the United States in Schooner Exchange vs. McFaddon case on the basis of courtesy, not as a fundamental right. Since that time, decisions made by the US courts with regard to immunity of foreign states have been influenced by decisions of the Department of State. Since early 20th century and after the beginning of extensive intervention by the state in market economy, despite Washington acceded to the limited immunity of foreign states, that immunity was still influenced by decisions of the Department of State. The Congress passed a law in 1976 on the immunity of foreign states in order to increase latitude of the judicial authorities in investigating cases which came under the immunity of foreign states independent to the Executive. Based on that law, foreign states were granted absolute immunity to judicial competence of the US federal and state courts unless a case was considered one of the exceptions which were mentioned by the law of immunity. However, the US courts continued to take orders from the Department of State. This paper uses content analysis method to discuss compliance of judicial and legislative authorities of the United States with the executive power: a system which is more influenced by political pressures than the rule of law.

Turbochargers are used to increase engine manifold air pressure. Control of intake manifold pressure is crucial issue which is done through the speed control of turbocharger, but since it is difficult to directly control the speed of the turbocharger, it is done indirectly through a gate that called the waste gate, which is located in the engine outlet and turbocharger’ s turbine inlet. One of the most common control methods for control of turbocharger is the gain scheduling control. This method design in parameter look-up table, supervisor and system subsection to control turbocharger performance. The performance of control loop can be evaluated with accuracy of considered model and designed controller. In this paper, the engine model with the turbocharger has been created in the GT-POWER software, then, by defining the input and output parameters in the GT-POWER model, the model is coupled with MATLAB software to controller design. In the next step, two methods have been developed to design the controllers for the gain scheduling control method. Eventually, effectiveness of turbocharger control using gain scheduling control is shown.

Appropriate sample size calculation, its justification, and power analysis are too difficult in psychological sciences. The process of sample size calculation and power analysis using statistical formulas, especially without any background is too difficult. The informativeness of research depends on this justification. The more collected data, the more informativeness according to its inferential goals. In this paper, basic concepts have been discussed and then, G*Power software was briefly introduced for sample size determinations and power analysis. Briefly, 3 practical examples of the sample size calculations using this software were finally introduced. This software supports sample size calculation and power analysis for various statistical methods including exact test, t-tests, F-tests, Chi-Square tests, and Z-tests, each of these family tests includes many statistical tests. This software is user-friendly and useful software for estimating sample size and power analysis in psychological science research. This paper provides insight for a psychological researcher and it will make the researcher able to apply this software to other statistical tests.